Urolithiasis is one of the most complex and urgent problems in modern urology.
It not only occupies a significant place in the structure of kidney and urinary tract diseases, but can also lead to serious consequences, including disability.
According to statistics, more than 20% of the world’s population has encountered the appearance of calculi in the urinary tract during their lifetime, in addition, the disease is often recurrent by nature.
The first manifestations of urolithiasis are usually mild and short-lived. They are back pain, frequent urge to urinate, nausea, blood in the urine.
To detect the presence of calculi in the kidney or ureter, it is necessary to conduct a general urinalysis and ultrasound examination of the kidneys and bladder (in men – prostate ultrasound with the determination of residual urine amount), followed by a consultation with a urologist to clarify the further examination and treatment plan.
Treatment of urolithiasis consists in restoring the outflow of urine, destroying and/or removing the calculus (followed by examining its structure), conducting anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy, developing an anti-relapse treatment plan and metaphylaxis (preventing recurring stone formation).
The destruction of the stone can be remote or contact.
Remote destruction is a fairly effective method when used by indications (recently formed, loose stone, the absence of other obstructions to the outflow of urine).
Contact lithotripsy with endoscopic access is a guaranteed method (indicated for stones of any type), but it also has certain limitations. Contact destruction of the stone occurs through the use of pneumatic devices, ultrasound or laser. Endoscopic surgery is performed through the ureter (without tissue damage) when a stone is either in the bladder or the ureter, however, access to a stone occurring in the kidney is performed percutaneously (percutaneous nephroscopy) using ultrasound and US-control. The operation performed with the help of rigid and flexible endoscopes is possible.
It should be noted that it is necessary to consult a doctor already at the first manifestations of this disease, because doing so untimely appeal can lead to a pronounced purulent process, up to a septic state, which will significantly increase the rehabilitation time and make the removal of the stone more difficult.
The modern concept of metaphylaxis (prevention) of stone formation provides for mandatory monitoring of the biochemical parameters of urine, blood, and the analysis of the mineral composition of the removed stone. This allows you to determine the cause of stone formation and prescribe anti-relapse therapy, which significantly reduces the risk of recurrent stone formation.
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* the results of treatment are individual and depend on many factors.
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